![]() To simulate the drilling, we introduce a virtual fixture based force-feedback drilling approach. ![]() As part of this, the current work deals with the real-time bone drilling simulation using a haptic force-feedback device. Since realistic training methods are time consuming, costly and insufficient, a virtual-reality (VR) based training system for the placement of K-wires was developed. The insertion of K-wires is a delicate minimally invasive surgery, because surgeons operate almost without a sight. One common method to fix fractures of the human hand after an accident is an osteosynthesis with Kirschner wires (K-wires) to stabilize the bone fragments.
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